Der Kurs
Kurs zur Vorlesung "Introduction to Neurobiology" von Prof. Jeserich an der Uni Osnabrück (Cognitive Science). Eine Zusammenfassung gibt es im Wiki.
Die 30 Lektionen
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Basic Properties of Neural Cells (9 Karten)general facts: - unable to divide - unable to regenerate their cell processes - 10-100 billion cells provided at birth - natural daily loss: about 10.000 cells - each cell with about 1.000 synaptic contacts, basic components of a nerve cell: - cell body - dendrites - axons, other name for cell ... -
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Intracellular Structures (12 Karten)cytoskeleton: - efficient scaffolding system - stabilizes the extensively branched cellular structure - allows for structural flexibility - comprises three major classes of protein fibers, three major classes of protein fibers of the cytoskeleton: - Microtubules - Neurofilaments - Microfilaments, ... -
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Axonal Transport (9 Karten)intracellular transport: - transport of material between cell body and cell processes - of vital importance for nerve cells - two major classes categorized by velocity and type of material beeing transported, two major classes of axonal transpot: slow axonal transport fast axonal transport, slow ...
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Basic Properties of the Neuronal Plasma Membrane (15 Karten)plasma membrane: - encloses the neuron - double layer of phospholipid molecules - barrier preventing the contents of the cell from mixing with those in the extracellular space - barrier against the passage of hydrophilic molecules - mostly: consisting by half of ptoteins and by half of lipids - ...
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Structural characterization of proteins (5 Karten)structural analysis of proteins: wide range of biochemical and biophysical methods are available - specific for the part of the structure, analysis of the primary structure: obtained by biochemical methods - direct determination of the amino acid sequence from the isolated protein - from the ...
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Functions and Features of Enzymes (5 Karten)enzymes: general: - special class of proteins - important for the controll of all vital cell functions - control biochemical reactions in the cell - comprise a large number of protein families, name of the molecule beeing modified by the enzyme: substrate, composition of the name of an enzyme: ...
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Membrane Proteins (5 Karten)membrane proteins: - control physiological interaction and signalling with other cells - highly hydropilic molecules - can be fixed to the surface of- or embedded into the menmbrane, proteins fixed to the surface of the membraneS: peripheral membrane proteins, proteins embedded into the hydrophobic ...
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Bioelectricity (11 Karten)electricity: reqires the separation of charges - technical electricity based on the movement of electrons - works extremely fast, bioelectricity: involves movement of both positively and negatively charged inons, ions: negatively charged ions: *anions* (e.g. chloride) positivly charged ions: ...
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The Resting Membrane Potential (3 Karten)premises: selective leakyness of the membrane to potassium ions concentration gradient built up by the sodium-potassium pump, generation: - outward diffusion of potassium ions due to the concentration gradient - this efflux creates an electrical potential across the membrane - the potential finally ...
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The Nernst Equation (8 Karten)nernst equation: general: allows for calculationg electrical potentials (E_(x)) generated by the diffusion of ions, the nernst eqation: E_(x) = RT/zF ln[X^(+)]o/[X^(+)]i, variables of the nernst equation: R: gas constant T: absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin z: charge of the ion F: Faraday ...
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The Action Potential (5 Karten)two ways in which the experimental maniptlation of the resting potential can bee done: - injecting current will further increase the potential difference across the membrane leading to *hyperpolarization* - injecting current with a reversed polarity will decrease the potential difference leading to ...
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Refractory period (4 Karten)Pairs of stimuli are applied to a nerve cell. What can be shown?: - a minmal interval is required to achieve a normal response - this can be determined - for several ms after firing it ist impossible to evoke another action potential (no matter how large the depolarizetion stimulus is), name of the ...
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The sodium hypothesis (2 Karten)explanation for the fast membrane depolarization coinciding with an action potential: - sudden change in the permeability of the neuronal plasma menbrane for sodium - resulting *sodium influx* according to the sodium concentration gradient, experimental proof of the sodium hypothsis: - lowered ...
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The voltage clamp technique (3 Karten)technique to directly measure the ionic currents underlying an action potential: voltage clamp technique, voltage clamp technique: devices: consists of an *electronic feedback system* holding the membrane potential constant at a voltage choosen by the investigator simplest form: - two separate ...
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recorded membrane currents of Hodgekin and Huxley in the squid giant axon: setting the membrane potential to 10 mV (well above the threshold)
*biphasic current response*
- *early inward current*
- after few ms superimposed by a *delayed outward current*, ionic substitution experiments: early inward ...
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Pharmacology of ionic currents (5 Karten)methode to better characterize the protein pores of the sodium and potassium ions: using a selective blockade for either current, selective blockade for sodium channel: poison of the buffer fish: *Tetrodotoxin, TTX* - precisely fitts into the opening of the sodium channel protein without beeing ...
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biochemical isolation and purification of the sodium channel protein: - identification: radioactively-labeled channel specific toxins as TTX
- starting material: electric organ of the electric eel (enriched of voltage gated sodium channels), sodium channel protein: - high molecular weight protein ...
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source for potassium channel protein: - lack of a rich source of the channel protein
- mutation of the fruit fly drosophila showed unexpected behaviour under ether anesthy: "Shaker" shook legs and wings, suggesting some neurological deficit, analysis of the "Shaker" mutant: - electrophysiological ...
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Single channel analysis (4 Karten)analysis of single ion channels: - became possible by the invention of the *patch clamp technique* (Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann) - allows to directly meassure the activity of *single ion channels (single channel recording)*, patch clamp technique: - in contrast to traditional methods unsing sharp ...
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Axonal Signal Propagation (20 Karten)action potential: - not a local event - moves along an axonto finally reach the nerve ending, study of the cable properties of the axon: - *passive properties* - can only be studied when the active physiological mechanisms are suppressed - local cooling of the nerve fiber, cable properties: ...
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Properties and Functions of Glial Cells (6 Karten)glial cells: - mostly able to divide throughout life - typically possess uniform set of cell processes - usually sgnificantly smaller than neurons - four major subtypes: *astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells* with each having own specialized cellular funtions - close physiological ...
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Neurotransmission (9 Karten)specialized type of synapse connecting the nerve ending of a motor nerve with a skeletal muscle fiber: neuromuscular junction, neuromuscular junction: - relatively large size - convenient experimental access - served as a model system to analyze the basic factors and mechanisms underlying ...
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Propertise of Acetylcholine Receptors (10 Karten)characterization of neurotransmitters in the living tissue: studying the effect of certain drugs on the tissues physiological activity - some drugs will mimic the effect of the original neurotransmitter: *agonists* - others will block the physiological response of the receptor even in the presence ...
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Amino acid neurtransmitters (21 Karten)amino acids acting as neurotransmitters (besides acetylcholine): *gutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine*, the family of glutamate receptors: comprises both *metabotropic and ionotropic receptors*, metabotropic glutamate receptors: - G-protein coupled - at least eight different ...
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Biogenic Amines (9 Karten)biogenic amines: - important class of neurotransmitter molecules - produced by nerve cells usinf the amino acid *tyrosine* as starting material, generation: - starting material: tyrosine - enzymatic removal of the acidic group (-COOH) - subsequent addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) *dopamine*, ...
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Synapses (17 Karten)type of synapse that directly conveys signals from one cell to the other: *electrical synapses*, electrical synapses: general: - directly conveys sinals from one cell to the other (in contrast to chemical synapses that use neurotransmitter sustances to pass over neuronal signals) - do not have ...
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Longterm Potentiation (10 Karten)most convenient model organism to analyze the molecular basis of cellular processes: *fruit fly drosophila*, fruit fly drosophla: - mutations can be rather conveniently generated and isolated - learning mutants (*"stupid flies"*) were identified by an odor discrimination task - deficites in this ...
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Basic Architecture of the Spinal Cord (12 Karten)spinal cord: general: - part of the *central nervous system (CNS)* - surrounded by the *vertebral column* - connected to the target areas on the body surface by *peripheral nerves*, spinal cord: cross section: - *central grey matter*: harbouring most of the neurons - surrounded by *white matter*: ...
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The Autonomic Nervous System (5 Karten)autonomic nervous system: - controlls the activity of inner orgens (as heart, lung, stomach, liver etc.) - operates independently from voluntary control - of key relevanc for the suvival of an organism since it coordinates vital viscera activities (as digestion, heart beat, control if the body ...
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