Neuroanatomy Questions (Kartei)

74 Karteikarten

• 1
  How is the nervous system organized in the simple model ...

  Hydra - Lowest organisms with neuronal network ...
• 2
  Which principle mechanisms operate to control the ...

  # Hard-wired molecular programs # Epigenetic processes ...
• 3
  Why is the white matter white?

  - composed of axonal nerve fibers, covered by a myelin ...
• 4
  How many divisions form the vertebrate brain? How did it ...

  Divisions # Telencephalon (cortex, amygdale, hippocampus, ...
• 5
  What is the corpus callosum and why is it important?

  # Connects the two brain hemispheres. # It is the site ...
• 6
  What can be learned from the two Goldmann experiments?

  1. Goldmann Experiment - intravenous Trypan blue ...
• 7
  What are thought to be the main functions of the ...

  - provides cushion (mechanical protection) - one way system ...
• 8
  What makes the blood-brain barrier?

  tight junctions between endothelial cells formed under the ...
• 9
  Five general Principles that govern the organization of the ...

  # separation in gray and white matter to optimize ...
• 10
  Which kind of mechanoreceptors do you know? How do pain ...

  Mechanoreceptors # free nerve endings (hair receptor, ...
• 11
  What is nociceptive, what neuropathic pain?

  - nociceptive pain: activation of nociceptors - ...
• 12
  What distinguishes A- and C-fibers and where are they ...

  - A-fibers are abundant in lamina I, C-fibers in laminae ...
• 13
  What are peptide transmitters and how do they contribute to ...

  - Often released by C-fibers - Can prolong the action of ...
• 14
  Which differences in the pathways of mechanoreceptor and ...

  mechanoreceptors - central axons enter spinal cord in ...
• 15
  What are primary, secondary and tertiary fibers with ...

  mechanoreceptor pathway # primary fibers from the tractus ...
• 16
  What is „somatotopy“ and at which level does it occur? ...

  - Orderly distribution of inputs from different parts of ...
• 17
  Give an example of parallel processing of somatosensory ...

  - Several somatotopic maps (primary somatosensory cortex ...
• 18
  What is a “motor unit”, what a “motor nucleus”?

  - A motor unit consists of a single α-motoneuron and all ...
• 19
  What does the “sliding filament hypothesis” state?

  - Thick and thin filaments composed of myosin and actin ...
• 20
  Explain how Ca-Ions regulate muscle movement?

  - Every time a muscle cell is depolarized by an action ...
• 21
  What is an alpha, what a gamma motoneuron?

  - An α-motoneuron innervates extrafusal muscle fibers. - ...
• 22
  What is a reflex and what distinguishes it from voluntary ...

  - A reflex is an automatic, stereotyped movement that is ...
• 23
  How can a monosynaptic pathway be distinguished from a ...

  - monosynaptic: direct neural connection between just two ...
• 24
  What is a „crossed-extension reflex“?

  - The crossed extension reflex is a withdrawal reflex ...
• 25
  What is a „spinal shock“?

  - Spinal cord injury - -> Neurons involved in reflex arcs ...
• 26
  Which features distinguish the somatic nervous system from ...

  - Anatomically, the autonomic nervous system consists of a ...
• 27
  How does the sympathetic differ from the parasympathetic ...

  http://www.mindpicnic.de/media/img/user/andreas-16365-pictur ...
• 28
  What is the Nervus vagus?

  The nervus vagus is the tenth brain nerve and the main ...
• 29
  What are drive states and how is the hypothalamus involved ...

  - Drive states are characterized by tension and discomfort ...
• 30
  By which principle mechanisms does the hypothalamus control ...

  - The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system via the ...
• 31
  Describe the organization of the corticospinal tract ...

  - The corticospinal tract is the main pathway of motor ...
• 32
  Several diseases affect the basal ganglia. Give an ...

  - Typical diseases that affect the basal ganglia are ...
• 33
  Which type of neurons are present in the cerebellar cortex? ...

  http://www.mindpicnic.de/media/img/user/andreas-11746-pictur ...
• 34
  How is the cerebellar cortex organized?

  - The cerebellum can be divided into three different ...
• 35
  What are mossy fibers, what are climbing fibers?

  - Mossy fibers and climbing fibers provide the main input ...
• 36
  What are Bergmann glia cells and what is their function ...

  - Bergmann glia cells are a kind of radial glia that ...
• 37
  What are association areas?

  - Association areas are areas that integrate different ...
• 38
  Principles of function of the cerebellar cortex

  # Parallel fibers of granule cells excite only one row of ...
• 39
  What does the Golgi stain stain?

  - By impregnating nervous tissue with potassium dichromate ...
• 40
  How is the cerebral cortex histologically organized? What ...

  # Molecular layer (lamina molecularis, ...
• 41
  What distinguishes an agranular from a granular cortex ...

  - In contrast to the granular layer. the size of the ...
• 42
  What is the basis for the “Brodmann” map?

  - The Brodmann map was constructed by Korbininian Brodmann ...
• 43
  What is a column (module) and what is its main output?

  - The cortex can be divided in vertical columns of about ...
• 44
  How does the cortical layer structure develop?

  - Inside-first outside-last - Neurons generated on lowest ...
• 45
  Which types of memory can be distinguished and how do they ...

  http://www.mindpicnic.de/media/img/user/andreas-67147-pictur ...
• 46
  Which brain regions are involved in acquiring declarative ...

  - From lesion studies, especially the famous case of H. M., ...
• 47
  Where is declarative information stored?

  - Since entorhinal cortex and hippocampus are not sites of ...
• 48
  Which regions connect the tractus perforans (perforant ...

  perforant pathway → dentate gyrus → (via mossy fiber ...
• 49
  Which major pathways exist in the hippocampus?

  Mossy fiber pathway # From dentate gyrus to CA3. # CA3 ...
• 50
  What is long term memory and what is its structural base?

  - As the name suggests, long-term memory describes the ...
• 51
  Why does a treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ...

  - Alzheimer patients suffer from a loss of cholinergic ...
• 52
  What is the limbic system and where is it located?

  - The limbic system is a ring-like complex in the medial ...
• 53
  What is the experimental evidence, that the amygdala has a ...

  - Lesion studies with monkeys suggest that the amygdala is ...
• 54
  Explain the ”topical organization” of the amygdala?

  - When stimulating certain parts of the amygdala, a topical ...
• 55
  What are the ma jor input and output regions of the ...

  - input: basolateral nuclei from thalamus and cortex ...
• 56
  Explain the function of the amygdala during Pavlovian fear ...

  - The pairing of an unconditioned fear stimulus with a ...
• 57
  What is ”coma” and what can be the reason for a ...

  - lesion with complete loss of consciousness - no ...
• 58
  Why do drugs that affect the vATPase influence the ...

  - V-ATPase is important for creating a pH-gradient in ...
• 59
  What effect has L-DOPA addition on brain function. Why?

  - L-DOPA is the synthetic precursor of dopamine and ...
• 60
  Which role does the ventral tegmentum play in the “reward ...

  - The reward system is activated by input that comprises an ...
• 61
  It is known that serotonergic neurons modulate pain ...

  - Serotonergic neurons localized in nine Raphe nuclei of ...
• 62
  What distinguished peptidergic transmission from ...

  - Peptidergic neurotransmission has a slower and less ...
• 63
  What is the function of the pineal body in lower and higher ...

  - In lower vertebrates the pineal body serves as a ...
• 64
  What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in higher ...

  - In higher vertebrates the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as ...
• 65
  What distinguishes non-REM from REM sleep?

  http://www.mindpicnic.de/media/img/user/andreas-12691-pictur ...
• 66
  The reticular formation (RF) has an important role in ...

  - Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation in ...
• 67
  The nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) is known to ...

  The nucleus reticularis pontis oralis mainly receives pro ...
• 68
  Narcolepsy

  - sudden loss of muscle tonus (cataplexy) while retaining ...
• 69
  What is ”axotomy” and what does it result in?

  - Axotomy (the transection of an axon) will lead to ...
• 70
  How do the PNS and the CNS differ in their regenerative ...

  - In contrast to PNS neurons, there is no regeneration of ...
• 71
  What are the ma jor histopathological features of ...

  - In Alzheimer’s disease, extracellular senile plaques ...
• 72
  Myesthenia gravis is the prototype of an autoimmune disease ...

  - Myesthenia gravis is caused by antibodies against the ...
• 73
  By which mechanisms can demyelinating diseases be caused?

  - Demyelinating diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) can be ...
• 74
  How could the selective death of neurons in the Substantia ...

  - The deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine results ...