Hearing (Kartei)

43 Karteikarten

• 1
  First stages of the auditory pathway

  Sound wave moves tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> membrane ...
• 2
  Signal amplification in the middle ear

  - Signal amplification by a factor of at least 22: - x1.3 ...
• 3
  Cochlea: Scala vestibuli

  - Upper tube, starts from the middle ear at the "oval ...
• 4
  Cochlea: Reissner's membrane

  Separates scala vestibuli and scala media
• 5
  Cochlea: Scala media

  - Middle tube, contains sensory cells - Filled with ...
• 6
  Cochlea: Scala media: Organ of corti

  Hill running from the beginning of the scala media to its ...
• 7
  Cochlea: Basilar membrane

  Separates scala media and scala tympani
• 8
  Cochlea: Scala tympani

  - Lower tube, starts from the middle ear at the "round ...
• 9
  Cochlea: Helicotrema

  Opening at the apex of the cochlea that connects the two ...
• 10
  Hair cells: Location

  Sit in four rows on the basilar membrane, each row ~4000 ...
• 11
  Hair cells: Shape

  - Elongated, distinct arrangement of hairs termed ...
• 12
  Inner hair cells: Position

  - Single row of cells - No direct contact with the ...
• 13
  Inner hair cells: Connectivity

  - Connected with 90% of the auditory nerve fibers coming ...
• 14
  Outer hair cells: Function

  - Below 60dB: Endolymph stream alone too weak to stimulate ...
• 15
  Outer hair cells: Connectivity

  - Connected with only 10% of the afferent fibers - Receive ...
• 16
  Outer hair cells: Prestin

  Protein in the lateral membrane of outer hair cells that ...
• 17
  Hair cells: Mechanism of stimulation

  - Respond to stretch or distortion - Cilia are bent by ...
• 18
  Hair cells: Mechanism of repolarization

  Voltage-gated potassium channels in the lateral membrane ...
• 19
  Frequency analysis: Pure sine wave tones

  Perturbations of the basilar membrane have the same ...
• 20
  Inner ear: Loudness vs. Frequency

  - Loudness is heard at the shallow end of the envelope ...
• 21
  Inner ear: Dynamic range extension

  - Auditory fibers with identical best frequencies have ...
• 22
  Inner ear: Tuning curve

  - Describes the sound pressure required to produce a ...
• 23
  Auditory nerve: Frequency analysis: Up to 1kHz

  - Action potentials appear to follow the fundamental ...
• 24
  Auditory nerve: Frequency analysis: Above 1 kHz

  - No one-to-one between sound waves and electrical signals ...
• 25
  Central auditory processing: Pathway

  # Auditory fibers are connected to neurons in the spiral ...
• 26
  Cochlear nucleus

  - First relay of the auditory pathway, in the brainstem - ...
• 27
  Cochlear nucleus: Auditory pathway splits into three paths

  - A slow dorsal "what"-pathway: Pattern analysis that goes ...
• 28
  Cochlear nucleus: Structure

  - Heterogeneous population of second order neurons ...
• 29
  Cochlear nucleus: Bushy cells, octopus cells

  In the ventral region, "on-response", high temporal ...
• 30
  Cochlear nucleus: Stellate cells

  In the ventral region, "chopper response", reflect ...
• 31
  Cochlear nucleus: Pyramidal cells

  In the dorsal region, "build-up" or "pauser responses", ...
• 32
  Cochlear nucleus: Function

  - Conversion of the input signal into various different ...
• 33
  Superior olivary complex: Function

  - Contributs to sound localization in the brain stem - ...
• 34
  Superior olivary complex: Structure

  Two major subdivisions, the medial superior oliva (MSO) and ...
• 35
  Superior olivary complex: Measurement of temporal delay

  - Sound waves arrive sequentially at both ears - Minimal ...
• 36
  Superior olivary complex: Coincidence detection

  - Target neurons with identical best frequencies use delay ...
• 37
  Superior olivary complex: Measurement of sound pressure ...

  - At higher frequencies, sound pressure differences can be ...
• 38
  Inferior colliculus: Function

  - Simple auditory processing without memory formation - In ...
• 39
  Inferior colliculus: Structure

  - Has an onion-bulb pattern of isofrequency planes ...
• 40
  Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

  Thalamic relay for auditory information Projects directly ...
• 41
  Auditory cortex: Location

  Between the sulcus lateralis and the sulcus centralis of ...
• 42
  Auditory cortex: Layers

  6 layers, 4th layer receives input, 5th and 6th layer send ...
• 43
  Auditory cortex: Two pathways to prefrontal cortex

  - Dorsal path: Spatial correlation (where-pathway) - ...